A
bonsai (
盆栽, literally "plantings in tray")is a tree that is carefully pruned and shaped to remain a diminutive size while mimicking the style and shape of mature, full-size trees. The Japanese art of bonsai began in the 6th century, when Japanese diplomats brought back
penjing (
盆景, literally "tray scenery") from mainland China, though the Japanese repidly developed their own aesthetics for the art.
From Wikipedia: "Generally speaking, tree
penjing specimens differ from
bonsai
by allowing a wider range of tree shapes (more "wild-looking") and by
planting them in bright-colored and creatively shaped pots. In contrast,
bonsai are more simplified in shape (more "refined" in
appearance) with larger-in-proportion trunks, and are planted in
unobtrusive, low-sided containers with simple lines and muted colors." (It seems, however, that different regions of Japan developed different styles - by the late 1860s Tokyo and Kyoto had different styles when it came to bonsai, and neither approved of the other.)
In
Utsubo Monogatari (Tale of the Hollow Tree, year 970), Japan's oldest full-length narrative (a literary style comparable to the epic), there is a passage that illustrates the Japanese mindset in this point in history fairly well: "A tree that is left growing in its natural state is a crude thing. It is
only when it is kept close to human beings who fashion it with loving
care that its shape and style acquire the ability to move one."
One has to say, though, that
Japanese aesthetics are manyfold and intricate, considered in Western society as more of a philosophy than anything else while within Japan they are considered an integral part of life. A key point of Japanese aesthetics is
mono no aware, a concept originated by Motoori Norinaga in the 18th century, which describes empathy towards beauty. In his
Shibun Yoryo (The Essentials of the Tale of Genji, 1763), Norinaga describes it as such:
For instance, if a man, viewing beautiful cherry-blossoms in full bloom, appreciates them as beautiful, he is aware of mono no kokoro or the heart of the thing. Being aware of the beauty of the blossoms, he is moved by it. That is, he is sensitive to mono no aware. In contrast, if a man, whatever beautiful flowers he sees, does not feel them to be beautiful, he is not aware of mono no kokoro. Such a man is never moved by the beauty of the flowers. That is to say, he is not sensitive to mono no aware.
In Japanese culture, a main point of life is to appreciate ephemeral things such as the cherry blossoms, and this certainly extends to bonsai, for which there are many rules. These little trees are trimmed and shaped to best reflect
wabi-sabi, perhaps the most important of Japanese aesthetic ideals. This ideal concerns the elegance in imperfection, simplicity and age. In art books, it is typically defined as "flawed beauty". Being moved by
wabi-sabi is to be sensitive to
mono no aware, and I hope you feel a part of these concepts when admiring the below bonsai from the
Japanese collection of the
National Bonsai & Penjing Museum at the U.S. National Arboretum.
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| Japanese Maple, in training since 1906 |
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| Hornbeam, in training since 1935 |
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| Japanese White Pine, training date unknown |
These miniature trees are cultivated over decades, often more than a century, but I do have to giggle at the phrase "in training since"! An interesting turn of phrase to use for trees. It makes me think more of martial art than the art of careful trimming.
